Co-reporter:Yan-Jun Liu, Wen-Tao Cao, Ming-Guo Ma, and Pengbo Wan
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces August 2, 2017 Volume 9(Issue 30) pp:25559-25559
Publication Date(Web):July 11, 2017
DOI:10.1021/acsami.7b07639
Robust, stretchable, and strain-sensitive hydrogels have recently attracted immense research interest because of their potential application in wearable strain sensors. The integration of the synergistic characteristics of decent mechanical properties, reliable self-healing capability, and high sensing sensitivity for fabricating conductive, elastic, self-healing, and strain-sensitive hydrogels is still a great challenge. Inspired by the mechanically excellent and self-healing biological soft tissues with hierarchical network structures, herein, functional network hydrogels are fabricated by the interconnection between a “soft” homogeneous polymer network and a “hard” dynamic ferric (Fe3+) cross-linked cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs–Fe3+) network. Under stress, the dynamic CNCs–Fe3+ coordination bonds act as sacrificial bonds to efficiently dissipate energy, while the homogeneous polymer network leads to a smooth stress-transfer, which enables the hydrogels to achieve unusual mechanical properties, such as excellent mechanical strength, robust toughness, and stretchability, as well as good self-recovery property. The hydrogels demonstrate autonomously self-healing capability in only 5 min without the need of any stimuli or healing agents, ascribing to the reorganization of CNCs and Fe3+ via ionic coordination. Furthermore, the resulted hydrogels display tunable electromechanical behavior with sensitive, stable, and repeatable variations in resistance upon mechanical deformations. Based on the tunable electromechanical behavior, the hydrogels can act as a wearable strain sensor to monitor finger joint motions, breathing, and even the slight blood pulse. This strategy of building synergistic “soft and hard” structures is successful to integrate the decent mechanical properties, reliable self-healing capability, and high sensing sensitivity together for assembling a high-performance, flexible, and wearable strain sensor.Keywords: dynamic coordination; hybrid network hydrogels; self-healing; strain sensing; wearable strain sensors;
Co-reporter:Yan-Yan Dong;Shan Liu;Yan-Jun Liu;Ling-Yan Meng
Journal of Materials Science 2017 Volume 52( Issue 13) pp:8219-8230
Publication Date(Web):29 March 2017
DOI:10.1007/s10853-017-1038-1
In this paper, Ag@Fe3O4@cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) nanocomposites were synthesized by a facile and green microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. In the procedure, CNC was used as a reducing agent for the synthesis of Ag. During the whole synthesis process, there were no additional reducing agents or toxic solvents used. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis. In addition, Ag@Fe3O4@CNC nanocomposites were also synthesized by microwave-assisted method and hydrothermal method. Both the effects of reaction time and synthetic procedures on the reduction process of Ag+ by CNC were explored. The results showed that Fe3O4 was formed with sphere-like structure and dispersed uniformly. Ag@Fe3O4@CNC nanocomposites exhibited good adsorption of dye solution, which showed potential applications in water treatment. The antibacterial results showed that Ag@ Fe3O4@CNC nanocomposites had good antibacterial activities toward both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The green and facile strategy reported in this paper may be broadly used in synthesizing other metal nanoparticles, as well as organic–inorganic nanocomposites.
Co-reporter:Wen-Tao Cao, Yan-Jun Liu, Ming-Guo Ma, Jie-Fang Zhu
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2017 Volume 529(Volume 529) pp:
Publication Date(Web):20 September 2017
DOI:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.064
Superhydrophobic coatings have broad applications owing to their excellent water-resisting and self-cleaning properties. In this study, we have successfully fabricated coated meshes with robust and superhydrophobic surface (i.e., water-repellent magnesium stearate powders on substrates made of phenol-formaldehyde resin). These coated meshes showed superhydrophobicity with water contact angles exceeding 150° and excellent self-cleaning property both in air and oil circumstances. Additionally, the superhydrophobic surfaces also exhibited prominent mechanical stability, thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and oil/water separation properties (>92%). Therefore, it is believed that the facile fabrication presented in this study may provide a novel methodology and these robust and superhydrophobic coated meshes have potential applications in oil/water separation.The superhydrophobic materials were prepared by a facile “substrates + adhesive + coating”method and exhibited excellent water-repellent property and superior oil/water separation capacity.Download high-res image (134KB)Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Shan Liu;Ke Yao;Bin Wang
Iranian Polymer Journal 2017 Volume 26( Issue 9) pp:681-691
Publication Date(Web):24 August 2017
DOI:10.1007/s13726-017-0553-x
Development of a simple and rapid method for the preparation of cellulose/ZnO composites is of great importance for broadening and improving their potential applications. In this work, the cellulose/ZnO composites were synthesized via the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method using cellulose, zinc nitrate hexahydrate, and ammonia in an aqueous solution. The influence of the cellulose on ZnO crystals was investigated in detail. Cell cytotoxicity of the as-obtained cellulose/ZnO composites was explored. All the cell viability values of the cellulose/ZnO composites were above 95%, indicating that cellulose/ZnO composites had essentially no cytotoxicity. ZnO/carbon (ZnO/C) composites were obtained by calcination at 600 °C in the N2 atmosphere using cellulose/ZnO composites as precursors. The flower-shaped ZnO crystals could still maintain their morphologies via the N2 atmosphere calcination. These ZnO/C composites exhibited good photocatalytic performances under both UV and visible light irradiation. Under the UV light irradiation, the degradation efficiency values of methylene blue and rhodamine B dyes were up to 99% and 97%, respectively. The kinetic linear model curves of the photocatalytic degradation of the two dyes could be assigned to the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. This work provided a potential strategy for the synthesis of metallic oxide/cellulose composites, which have broadened the applications of the composites.
Co-reporter:Yan-Jun Liu, Lian-Hua Fu, Shan Liu, Ling-Yan Meng, Ya-Yu Li and Ming-Guo Ma
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2016 vol. 4(Issue 28) pp:4847-4854
Publication Date(Web):20 Jun 2016
DOI:10.1039/C6TB01249C
Development of hydrogels with high mechanical and recoverable properties under physiological conditions is of great importance for broadening and improving their potential applications in load-bearing artificial soft tissues. Inspired by the self-assembly of chemical entities, homogeneous network hydrogels, which contain over 90 wt% water, were synthesized via covalent cross-linking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) triggered by microwave-assisted treatment. A structurally homogeneous network results in an evenly distributed stress that endures high strains with minimal energy dissipation, which enable the hydrogels to withstand up to 1.16 MPa of tensile stress, over seven-fold stretch length with negligible hysteresis, and sustain cyclic compression following high amplitude deformation. It is of importance for tissue replacement that the hydrogels retain these excellent properties under physiological conditions.
Co-reporter:Lian-Hua Fu, Fu Deng, Ming-Guo Ma and Jun Yang
RSC Advances 2016 vol. 6(Issue 34) pp:28140-28148
Publication Date(Web):17 Mar 2016
DOI:10.1039/C5RA27421D
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with relatively uniform size and well-defined structure have been synthesized by a hydrothermal method with holocellulose (HC) as a substrate and reducing agent for silver ions. This method was simple, cost-effective and convenient to handle without use of any other stabilizing or reducing agents. The as-prepared HC/Ag nanocomposites exhibited good cytocompatibility to cells and were highly toxic to microorganisms. The antibacterial activity studies were carried out on both Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria by a disc diffusion method and an agar dilution method. The important role of HC and the influence of the additional reducing agents (NaBH4 and ascorbic acid) on the products were systematically investigated, and the formation mechanism of HC/Ag nanocomposites was proposed. These results indicate that HC is a good candidate for the preparation of silver-based nanocomposites, and the as-prepared HC/Ag nanocomposites may have potential for use in a wide range of biomedical applications.
Co-reporter:Shan Liu, Ke Yao, Lian-Hua Fu and Ming-Guo Ma
RSC Advances 2016 vol. 6(Issue 3) pp:2135-2140
Publication Date(Web):04 Jan 2016
DOI:10.1039/C5RA22985E
Iron oxide with various phases such as Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, and α-Fe2O3 has been selective successfully synthesized using cellulose-based composites as precursors, which were obtained at 180 °C for 45 min by the microwave-hydrothermal method. The products were characterized with X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, and α-Fe2O3 could be selectively synthesized by changing the calcination temperature and atmosphere. It was found that Fe3O4 was obtained in the N2 atmosphere. However, γ-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3 were observed at 300 and 500 °C for 3 h in the air atmosphere, respectively. The as-synthesized Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3 displayed superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature via the magnetization measurement. The methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacity of γ-Fe2O3 (air 300 °C) can reach 98.72% and the adsorption isotherms better fitted Freundlich isotherm models. This work provided a promising strategy for the synthesis of metal and carbon/metal composites using biomass as a precursor.
Co-reporter:Lian-Hua Fu, Bo Liu, Ling-Yan Meng, Ming-Guo Ma
Materials Letters 2016 Volume 171() pp:277-280
Publication Date(Web):15 May 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2016.02.118
•Cellulose/Ag nanocomposites were fabricated by using four types of cellulose.•Cellulose simultaneously served as the reducing agent and substrate for silver ions.•Microwave-assisted hydrothermal method was used to rapid synthesis.•Both of the cellulose types and heating time have influences on the naonocomposites.The purpose of this study was to explore the influences of cellulose types on the cellulose/Ag nanocomposites via a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The cellulose/Ag nanocomposites were successfully fabricated using AgNO3 and four types of cellulose (cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), cellulose fibers (CF), and holocellulose (HC)), in which the cellulose simultaneously served as the reducing agent and substrate for silver ions. The effects of different cellulose types on the products were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The experimental results revealed that the cellulose types played a vital role on the size, number, and morphology of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). It is believed that these results could be a guidance for the synthesis of cellulose/Ag nanocomposites in the future.
Co-reporter:Yan-Yan Dong, Yan-Jun Liu, Ling-Yan Meng, Bo Wang, Ming-Guo Ma, Ya-Yu Li
Materials Letters 2016 Volume 181() pp:204-207
Publication Date(Web):15 October 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2016.06.027
•Ag@AgCl@AlOOH hollow microspheres were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method.•NaOH/urea solution acted as structure-directing agent.•The heating temperatures had effects on the phases and morphologies of samples.•With higher temperatures, the size of Ag@AgCl@AlOOH microspheres increased.In this paper, Ag@AgCl@AlOOH hollow microspheres were successfully synthesized with AgNO3 and AlCl3·6H2O in NaOH/urea solution by a facile hydrothermal method. NaOH/urea solution acted as structure-directing agent here. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the as-prepared samples. The effects of hydrothermal heating temperatures on the phases and morphologies of samples were investigated. The size distributions analysis showed that the samples were Ag@AgCl@AlOOH microspheres with a diameter of 5.48~6.77 µm. With higher reaction temperatures, more Ag@AgCl@AlOOH microspheres with hollow structures appeared, and the size of Ag@AgCl@AlOOH microspheres decreased. The formation process of Ag@AgCl@AlOOH hollow microspheres was explored and discussed in detail.
Co-reporter:Yan-Yan Dong, Shan Liu, Ling-Yan Meng, Bo Wang, Jing Bian, Ming-Guo Ma
Materials Letters 2016 Volume 165() pp:210-213
Publication Date(Web):15 February 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2015.12.013
•Ag@AgCl@cellulose composites were fabricated by an ultrasonic-assisted method.•EG acts as both a solvent and a reducing agent.•Both heating time and EG volumes had effects on the reducing AgCl to Ag.•The addition of surfactants slightly decreased the composites' thermal stabilities.In the paper, Ag@AgCl@cellulose composites were fabricated by an ultrasonic-assisted method using AgNO3 and cellulose solution in ethylene glycol (EG). The cellulose solution was prepared by the dissolution of the microcrystalline cellulose in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) solvent. EG acts as both a solvent and a reducing agent, and LiCl is used as the Cl source to synthesize AgCl crystals. Two kinds of surfactants including cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) were applied as the dispersing agents during the synthesis process. The effects of heating time and EG volumes on the phases and morphologies of composites were investigated. Both heating time and EG volumes had effects on the reducing AgCl to Ag, and the addition of surfactants slightly decreased the composites' thermal stabilities. The efficient strategy may provide a more choice to fabricate other inorganic-organic composites.
Co-reporter:Ke Yao, Yan-Yan Dong, Jing Bian, Ming-Guo Ma, Jun-Feng Li
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2015 Volume 24() pp:27-35
Publication Date(Web):May 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.12.002
•Cellulose/Cu(OH)2/CuO hybrids were obtained by ultrasound irradiation method.•H2O2 played an important role in the phase and shape of hybrids.•H2O2-induced oxidation route was proposed.•Power density had effect on phase transformation.Understanding the mechanism of ultrasound from metal hydroxide to oxides via an ultrasound irradiation method is of great importance for broadening and improving their synthesis and industrial applications. The purpose of this article was to explore the mechanism of ultrasound on the synthesis of cellulose/Cu(OH)2/CuO hybrids. The influences of various reaction parameters including the volume of H2O2, heating method, pulse mode of ultrasound irradiation, sonication time, and power density on the cellulose/Cu(OH)2/CuO hybrids were investigated in detail by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). The experimental results indicated that all the parameters have effects on the cellulose/Cu(OH)2/CuO hybrids, power density had an effect on the phase transformation of Cu(OH)2 to CuO, and the addition of H2O2 played an important role in the shape of cellulose hybrids, which provided an indirect evidence on the H2O2-induced oxidation route for the transformation process from Cu(OH)2 to CuO during the ultrasound irradiation process. These results maybe direct the synthesis and potential applications of cellulose hybrids in the near future.In this article, the mechanism of ultrasound on the synthesis of cellulose/Cu(OH)2/CuO hybrids was investigated in detail during irradiation process. The influences of various reaction parameters such as the volume of H2O2, heating method, pulse mode of ultrasound irradiation sonication time, and power density on the cellulose hybrids were explored. This article provided indirect evidence on the H2O2-induced oxidation route from Cu(OH)2 to CuO during the ultrasound irradiation process.
Co-reporter:Fu Deng, Lian-Hua Fu, Ming-Guo Ma
Carbohydrate Polymers 2015 Volume 121() pp:163-168
Publication Date(Web):5 May 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.033
•Cellulose/CaF2 nanocomposites were fabricated via microwave ionic liquid method.•Heating modes, temperature and time affected morphology, property, crystallinity.•Formation mechanism of cellulose-based nanocomposites was researched.•This method was extended to the synthesis of cellulose/MgF2 nanocomposites.In this article, we try to compound cellulose/alkali earth metal fluorides (MF2, M = Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba) nanocomposites via microwave-assisted ionic liquid method, wherein cellulose/CaF2 and cellulose/MgF2 were successfully synthesized through this method while cellulose/SrF2 and cellulose/BaF2 could not be synthesized. We focused on the synthesis of cellulose/CaF2 and investigated the influences of the different time and different temperature for the synthesis of cellulose/CaF2 nanocomposites. The influence of different heating methods such as oil-bath heating method was also studied. Ionic liquid ([Bmim][BF4]) was used for dissolving microcrystalline cellulose and providing the source of fluoride ionic and the alkali earth metal nitrate (Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2, and Ba(NO3)2) was used as the reaction initiator. They were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), derivative thermogravimetric (DTG), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS). The different heating modes have influence on the morphology and property. The different temperature and heating time also have a certain influence on the morphology and crystallinity of calcium fluoride.
Co-reporter:Lian-Hua Fu, Shu-Ming Li, Jing Bian, Ming-Guo Ma, Xing-Luan Long, Xue-Ming Zhang, Shi-Jie Liu
Carbohydrate Polymers 2015 Volume 115() pp:373-378
Publication Date(Web):22 January 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.098
•Cellulose/Mn3O4 composites were fabricated via sonochemistry method.•Mn3O4 crystals were obtained by thermal treatment of cellulose/Mn3O4 composites.•Types of alkalis played an important role in the phase, shape, and thermal stability.•Formation mechanism of cellulose-based composites were researched.The purpose of this article was to explore the influences of alkalis types on the cellulose/Mn3O4 composites via a sonochemistry method. In this study, cellulose/Mn3O4 composites were successfully fabricated using four types of alkalis (urea (CO(NH2)2), hexamethylenetetramine ((CH2)6N4, HMT), NaOH, and KOH) by an environmentally-friendly sonochemistry method. The phase, shape, thermal stability, and the formation mechanism of the cellulose composites were researched in detail. Experimental results demonstrated that the types of alkalis played an important role in the phase, shape, dispersion, and thermal stability of cellulose/Mn3O4 composites. By thermal treatment of cellulose/Mn3O4 composites at 600 °C for 3 h in air, the Mn3O4 crystals were obtained. This novel method reported here maybe has a guiding significance for the synthesis of manganese oxide materials and other metal oxides using cellulose as template.
Co-reporter:Yan-Yan Dong, Lian-Hua Fu, Shan Liu, Ming-Guo Ma and Bo Wang
RSC Advances 2015 vol. 5(Issue 118) pp:97359-97366
Publication Date(Web):12 Nov 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5RA19758A
In this article, silver particle filled cellulose hybrids were successfully synthesized using a microcrystalline cellulose solution, AgNO3, and AlCl3·6H2O using a hydrothermal method. Experimental results indicated the existence of silver nanoparticles in the cellulose matrix. The silver nanoparticles were well dispersed on the surface of cellulose and penetrated into the cellulose network. The microcrystalline cellulose solution played an important role in the synthesis of silver crystals. The reducing mechanism from Ag+ to silver was proposed in detail. Antibacterial experimental results showed that the as-prepared hybrids exhibited excellent antimicrobial activities against E. coli (Gram-negative) and S. aureus (Gram-positive). This green strategy for the synthesis of cellulose–silver hybrids may be useful for the extensive applications of inorganic–polymer hybrids.
Co-reporter:Shan Liu, Yan-Jun Liu, Fu Deng, Ming-Guo Ma and Jing Bian
RSC Advances 2015 vol. 5(Issue 91) pp:74198-74205
Publication Date(Web):02 Sep 2015
DOI:10.1039/C5RA12440A
Fe3O4/C nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized by calcination ferrous precursors, which were obtained with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) by an environmentally-friendly ultrasound method in ethylene glycol (EG). The effects of different cellulose types on the Fe3O4/C nanocomposites were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analysis (TG), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). The experimental results revealed that the different cellulose types played an important role in the phases, crystallinities, and morphologies of the Fe3O4/C nanocomposites. Moreover, the magnetic performance revealed that Fe3O4/C nanocomposites had relatively high superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic performances, which provided promising applications for the dye removal and wastewater treatment fields.
Co-reporter:Yan-Yan Dong, Ke Yao, Jing Bian, Ming-Guo Ma
Materials Letters 2015 Volume 158() pp:49-52
Publication Date(Web):1 November 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2015.05.042
•AgCl@cellulose composites formed in ZnCl2 solution.•Heating time influenced the morphologies of AgCl@cellulose composites.•Heating temperature had effect on the morphologies of AgCl@cellulose composites.•Higher ZnCl2 concentrations lead to higher thermal stabilities.The paper aims to study the fabrication of AgCl crystals using cellulose as matrix. First, microcrystalline cellulose was dissolved in ZnCl2 solution. Then, AgNO3 was added into the mixed cellulose solution to form AgCl@cellulose composites. The as-prepared composites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DTA). Both heating time and heating temperature had significant influences on the morphologies of AgCl@cellulose composites. The thermal stabilities of as-prepared composites were related to the concentrations of ZnCl2 solution, and higher ZnCl2 concentrations lead to higher thermal stabilities. The strategy reported here may open a new window to synthesize composites with good properties.
Co-reporter:Lian-Hua Fu, Yi-Ming Xie, Jing Bian, Ming-Guo Ma, Chun-Han Tian, Xiao-Juan Jin
Materials Letters 2015 Volume 159() pp:51-53
Publication Date(Web):15 November 2015
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2015.06.082
Lignocelluloses/HA nanocomposites prepared in NaOH/urea aqueous solution.Microwave-assisted method was used to rapid synthesis.Heating time affects size and morphology of nanocomposites.Inorganic substances concentration affect shape and dispersion of HA.Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main inorganic constituent in vertebrate bones and teeth, and it is also an important biomaterial for the applications in tissue engineering and bone repair. Herein, we report the microwave-assisted method for the rapid synthesis of lignocellulose/HA nanocomposites using lignocellulose, CaCl2 and NaH2PO4 in the NaOH–urea aqueous solution. The effects of the microwave heating time and the concentration of the inorganic substances on the size and morphology of the products are investigated. The as-prepared products are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The microwave-assisted synthetic strategy reported here may open a new window to synthesize composites for potential biomedical applications.
Co-reporter:Yan-Yan Dong, Shu-Ming Li, Ming-Guo Ma, Ke Yao, Run-Cang Sun
Carbohydrate Polymers 2014 Volume 106() pp:14-21
Publication Date(Web):15 June 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.023
•Hybrids from cellulose and silver were successfully prepared.•The hydrothermal method was introduced.•Holocellulose was used as the reactant.•The reaction parameters have influence on the hybrids.•Fructose and glucose as reducing reagents have been comparing studied.The primary objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of reducing reagents on the hybrids from cellulose and Ag, which have been successfully synthesized by using fructose and glucose as reducing reagents via a hydrothermal method, respectively. The hybrids were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The influences of the various reaction parameters including the heating time, heating temperature, and types of reducing reagents on the hybrids were investigated. Silver particles can be better dispersed in the cellulose matrix by adjusting reaction parameters. Experimental results demonstrated that the types of reducing reagents played an important role in the shape and dispersion of silver particles in hybrids.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Fu Deng, Ke Yao
Carbohydrate Polymers 2014 Volume 111() pp:230-235
Publication Date(Web):13 October 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.080
•Manganese-containing cellulose nanocomposites were synthesized.•The microwave-assisted method was introduced.•Cellulose was pretreated with NaOH/urea aqueous solutions.•No well-crystalline manganese oxides by calcination nanocomposites.•The restrain effect of cellulose was observed.In this article, the manganese-containing cellulose nanocomposites were obtained using microcrystalline cellulose and Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O in the NaOH/urea aqueous solutions by a efficient microwave-assisted method. The effects of the heating time and Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O concentration on the cellulose nanocomposites were investigated. It was found that the microcrystalline cellulose pretreated with NaOH/urea aqueous solutions played an important role in the phase, shape, and thermal stability of manganese-containing cellulose nanocomposites. Well-crystalline phases of manganese oxides were not observed in the manganese-containing cellulose nanocomposites. Furthermore, well-crystalline phases of manganese oxides were not also observed by thermal treatment of the manganese-containing cellulose nanocomposites at 600 °C for 3 h. These results could be attributed to the restrain effect of cellulose treated with NaOH/urea aqueous solutions. It was supposed the possible mechanism during the phase transformation of cellulose nanocomposites.
Co-reporter:Yan-Yan Dong, Shu-Ming Li, Ming-Guo Ma, Jin-Jin Zhao, Run-Cang Sun, Shan-Peng Wang
Carbohydrate Polymers 2014 Volume 102() pp:445-452
Publication Date(Web):15 February 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.066
•Hybrids from lignocelluloses and Ag were successfully prepared.•Environmentally-friendly sonochemistry method was introduced.•The reaction parameters have influence on the hybrids.•Reducing reagents favored the growth of Ag nanostructures.The purpose of this study was to explore a green strategy about the high value-added applications of biomass. Hybrids from lignocelluloses and silver have been successfully prepared using NaBH4 as reducing reagent by an environmentally-friendly sonochemistry method. The phase, microstructure, and morphology of the hybrids were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The influences of the various reaction parameters including reaction time, lignocelluloses concentration, and types of reducing reagents on the products were investigated in detail. Silver particles can be better dispersed on the lignocelluloses matrix by adjusting reaction parameters. These hybrids may be a promising antimicrobial material for their applications in the biomedical field. This environmentally-friendly synthetic strategy reported here opens a new window to the high value-added applications of lignocelluloses.
Co-reporter:Yan-Yan Dong, Fu Deng, Jin-Jin Zhao, Jing He, Ming-Guo Ma, Feng Xu, Run-Cang Sun
Carbohydrate Polymers 2014 Volume 99() pp:166-172
Publication Date(Web):2 January 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.023
•Cellulose/Ag/AgCl hybrids were prepared by ultrasound agitation method.•Influence of ultrasound treatment time on the hybrids was investigated.•Influence of ultrasonic intermittent on the hybrids was investigated.•Cellulose/AgCl/Ag hybrids had good thermal stability.•The hybrids displayed desirable antimicrobial activities.This study aims to investigate the fabrication and property of cellulose/Ag/AgCl hybrids. In this article, preparation of cellulose/Ag/AgCl hybrids was reported using the cellulose solution, AgNO3, AlCl3·6H2O with ultrasound agitation method. The cellulose solution was synthesized by the dissolution of the microcrystalline cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution. Influences of the experimental parameters of ultrasound treatment time and ultrasonic intermittent on the hybrids were investigated. The phase, microstructure, thermal stability, and morphology of the hybrids were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed the successful synthesis of cellulose/Ag/AgCl hybrids with good thermal stability. Moreover, the hybrids displayed desirable antimicrobial activities. Compared with other conventional methods, the rapid, green, and environmentally friendly ultrasound agitation method opens a new window to the high value-added applications of biomass.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Ke Yao, Fu Deng
Materials Letters 2014 Volume 121() pp:70-73
Publication Date(Web):15 April 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2014.01.131
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Fu Deng, Ke Yao
Materials Letters 2014 Volume 124() pp:173-176
Publication Date(Web):1 June 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2014.03.092
Co-reporter:Lian-Hua Fu, Ming-Guo Ma, Jing Bian, Fu Deng, Xuan Du
Materials Science and Engineering: C 2014 Volume 44() pp:216-224
Publication Date(Web):1 November 2014
DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.029
•The formation mechanism of the composites was proposed.•The composites from lignocelluloses and CaCO3 have been synthesized.•Microwave-assisted ionic liquid method was applied.•The influences of CaCO3 concentration were researched.The purpose of this work is to explore the formation mechanism of lignocellulose composites in ionic liquids, which is very important for the potential applications of lignocellulose composites. In this study, the lignocellulose/CaCO3 composites have been synthesized using different concentrations of CaCO3 by a rapid and green microwave-ionic liquid method. In view of the experimental results and literature, the formation mechanism of the composites from lignocelluloses and CaCO3 was proposed. It is suggested that lignocelluloses accumulated Ca2 + ions due to the complexation of the Ca2 + ions and the highly anionic polysaccharide groups of lignocelluloses, and CaCO3 was obtained by the strong electrostatic interactions between carbonate anions and calcium cations. When the content of CaCO3 reached a certain level, the activity of CaCO3 in the composites was mainly as aggregation. Using lignocelluloses instead of cellulose as a template to synthesize the organic–inorganic composites was a facile method, which does not need to separate the lignocelluloses and can utilize all the main components of lignocelluloses.In this study, the lignocellulose/CaCO3 composites have been synthesized using different concentrations of CaCO3 by a rapid and green microwave-ionic liquid method. The formation mechanism of the composite from lignocelluloses and CaCO3 was proposed.
Co-reporter: Ming-Guo Ma;Dr. Jie-Fang Zhu; Ying-Jie Zhu; Run-Cang Sun
Chemistry – An Asian Journal 2014 Volume 9( Issue 9) pp:2378-2391
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/asia.201402288
Abstract
In recent years, the microwave-assisted ionic-liquid method has been accepted as a promising methodology for the preparation of nanomaterials and cellulose-based nanocomposites. Applications of this method in the preparation of cellulose-based nanocomposites comply with the major principles of green chemistry, that is, they use an environmentally friendly method in environmentally preferable solvents to make use of renewable materials. This minireview focuses on the recent development of the synthesis of nanomaterials and cellulose-based nanocomposites by means of the microwave-assisted ionic-liquid method. We first discuss the preparation of nanomaterials including noble metals, metal oxides, complex metal oxides, metal sulfides, and other nanomaterials by means of this method. Then we provide an overview of the synthesis of cellulose-based nanocomposites by using this method. The emphasis is on the synthesis, microstructure, and properties of nanostructured materials obtained through this methodology. Our recent research on nanomaterials and cellulose-based nanocomposites by this rapid method is summarized. In addition, the formation mechanisms involved in the microwave-assisted ionic-liquid synthesis of nanostructured materials are discussed briefly. Finally, the future perspectives of this methodology in the synthesis of nanostructured materials are proposed.
Co-reporter:Lian-Hua Fu, Yan-Yan Dong, Ming-Guo Ma, Wen Yue, Shao-Long Sun, Run-Cang Sun
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2013 Volume 20(Issue 5) pp:1188-1193
Publication Date(Web):September 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.03.008
Highlights•The influences of synthesis parameters on the CaCO3 crystals were researched.•Ultrasound agitation method favors the synthesis of vaterite spheres.•Microcrystalline cellulose favors the synthesis of vaterite phase.•Solvent and reactant favors the synthesis of vaterite phase.•The mechanism of vaterite spheres was suggested.Vaterite is an important biomedical material due to its features such as high specific surface area, high solubility, high dispersion, and small specific gravity. The purposes of this article were to explore the growth mechanism of vaterite on the cellulose matrix via sonochmistry process. In the work reported herein, the influences of experimental parameters on the polymorph of calcium carbonate were investigated in detail. The calcium carbonate crystals on the cellulose matrix were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental results revealed that all the reactants, solvent, and synthesis method played an important role in the polymorph of calcium carbonate. The pure phase of vaterite polymorph was obtained using Na2CO3 as reactant in ethylene glycol on the cellulose matrix via sonochmistry process. Based on the experimental results, one can conclude that the synthesis of vaterite polymorph is a system process.
Co-reporter:Lian-Hua Fu, Yan-Yan Dong, Ming-Guo Ma, Shu-Ming Li, Run-Cang Sun
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2013 Volume 20(Issue 3) pp:839-845
Publication Date(Web):May 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.11.001
The purposes of this article were to investigate the influences of synthesis strategy on the CaCO3 crystals on the cellulose substrate. In this study, CaCO3 crystals were synthesized using cellulose as matrix by the microwave-assisted method and ultrasound agitation method, respectively. The CaCO3 crystals on the cellulose substrate were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental results demonstrated that the synthesis strategy had a dramatically influences on the phase, microstructure, morphology, thermal stability, and biological activity of the CaCO3 crystals. The pure phase of vaterite spheres with the diameter of about 320–600 nm were obtained by ultrasound agitation method, meanwhile, the mixed phases of calcite and vaterite with the diameter of about 0.82–1.24 μm were observed by microwave-assisted method. In view of experimental results, one can conclude that the ultrasound agitation method do more favors to the synthesis of CaCO3 crystals with uniform morphology and size, compared with microwave-assisted method. Furthermore, cytotoxicity experiments indicated that the CaCO3 crystals on the cellulose substrate had good biocompatibility and could be a candidate for the biomedical applications.Highlights► The influences of synthesis strategy on the CaCO3 crystals were researched. ► Vaterite spheres were obtained by ultrasound agitation method. ► Thermal stability of the samples was investigated. ► CaCO3 crystals on the cellulose substrate had good biocompatibility. ► Ultrasound agitation method favors the synthesis of CaCO3 crystals.
Co-reporter:Shu-Ming Li, Yan-Yan Dong, Ming-Guo Ma, Lian-Hua Fu, Run-Cang Sun, Feng Xu
Carbohydrate Polymers 2013 Volume 96(Issue 1) pp:15-20
Publication Date(Web):1 July 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.03.058
•Cellulose/TiO2 hybrids were prepared by hydrothermal method.•The experimental factors have influence on the phase and shape of hybrids.•Cellulose/TiO2 hybrids possess a high antimicrobial activity.•TiO2 was obtained by calcination the hybrids.The purpose of this study was to explore a new strategy to improve the high value-added applications of biomass. Hybrid from cellulose and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was successfully prepared by using tetra-n-butyl titanate and cellulose solution via a hydrothermal method at 180 °C for 24 h. The phase, microstructure, morphology, and thermal stability of the hybrid were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influences of the tetra-n-butyl titanate concentration and the types of solvent on the products were investigated. The TiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed on the surface of cellulose and/or in the cellulose matrix. The hybrid possessed an antimicrobial activity against the model microbes Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), and were a promising antimicrobial material for the applications in the biomedical field.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Yan-Yan Dong, Lian-Hua Fu, Shu-Ming Li, Run-Cang Sun
Carbohydrate Polymers 2013 Volume 92(Issue 2) pp:1669-1676
Publication Date(Web):15 February 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.034
The purposes of this article are to synthesize the biomass-based hybrid nanocomposites using green method in green solvent and evaluate its biological activity. In this paper, microwave-assisted ionic liquid method is applied to the preparation of cellulose/CaCO3 hybrid nanocomposites in the alkali extraction cellulose using CaCl2 and Na2CO3 as starting reactants. The ionic liquid acts as the excellent solvent for absorbing microwave and the dissolution of cellulose, and the synthesis of cellulose/CaCO3 nanocomposites. The influences of reaction parameters such as the cellulose concentration and the types of solvent on the products were investigated. The increasing cellulose concentration favored the growth of CaCO3. The morphologies of CaCO3 changed from polyhedral to cube to particle with increasing cellulose concentration. Moreover, the solvents had an effect on the shape and dispersion of CaCO3. Cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated that the cellulose/CaCO3 nanocomposites had good biocompatibility and could be a candidate for the biomedical applications.Highlights► Cellulose/CaCO3 nanocomposites were successfully prepared. ► A green strategy of microwave-assisted ionic liquid method was developed. ► The solvents had an effect on the shape of products. ► The influence of alkali extraction cellulose concentration was investigated. ► The biological activity of cellulose/CaCO3 nanocomposites was evaluated.
Co-reporter:Yan-Yan Dong, Jing He, Shao-Long Sun, Ming-Guo Ma, Lian-Hua Fu, Run-Cang Sun
Carbohydrate Polymers 2013 Volume 98(Issue 1) pp:168-173
Publication Date(Web):15 October 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.065
•Hybrid from cellulose and AgX (X = Cl, Br) was prepared by microwave method.•Ionic liquids act simultaneously as a solvent, a microwave absorber, and a reactant.•The cellulose–Ag/AgCl hybrid was obtained using cellulose–AgCl hybrid as precursor.•The thermal stability of the hybrid from cellulose and AgX was researched.The purpose of this article was to explore an environmentally friendly strategy to synthesis of biomass-based hybrids. Herein, microwave-assisted ionic liquids method was applied to fabricate the hybrids from cellulose and AgX (X = Cl, Br) using cellulose and AgNO3. The ionic liquids act simultaneously as a solvent, a microwave absorber, and a reactant. Ionic liquids provided Cl− or Br− to the synthesis of AgCl or AgBr crystals; thus no additional reactant is needed. The products are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The cellulose–Ag/AgCl hybrid and cellulose–Ag/AgBr hybrid were also obtained by using cellulose–AgCl and cellulose–AgBr hybrids as precursors. This environmentally friendly microwave-assisted ionic liquids method is beneficial to the hybrids with high dispersion.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Shao-Jun Qing, Shu-Ming Li, Jie-Fang Zhu, Lian-Hua Fu, Run-Cang Sun
Carbohydrate Polymers 2013 Volume 91(Issue 1) pp:162-168
Publication Date(Web):2 January 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.025
The purpose of this study is to develop a green strategy to synthesize the cellulose-based nanocomposites and open a new avenue to the high value-added applications of biomass. Herein, we reported a microwave-assisted ionic liquid route to the preparation of cellulose/CuO nanocomposites, which combined three major green chemistry principles: using environmentally friendly method, greener solvents, and sustainable resources. The influences of the reaction parameters including the heating time and the ratio of cellulose solution to ionic liquid on the products were discussed by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The crystallinity of CuO increased and the CuO shape changed from nanosheets to bundles and to particles with increasing heating time. The ratio of cellulose solution to ionic liquid also affected the shapes of CuO in nanocomposites. Moreover, CuO crystals were obtained by thermal treatment of the cellulose/CuO nanocomposites at 800 °C for 3 h in air.Highlights► Cellulose/CuO nanocomposites were successfully prepared. ► A green strategy of microwave-assisted ILs method was developed. ► The heating time had an effect on the shape of products. ► The influence of the ratio of cellulose solution to ILs on the products was discussed. ► CuO materials were obtained by thermal treatment of the nanocomposites.
Co-reporter:Lian-Hua Fu, Yan-Yan Dong, Ming-Guo Ma, Shu-Ming Li, Shao-Long Sun, Run-Cang Sun
Materials Letters 2013 Volume 92() pp:136-138
Publication Date(Web):1 February 2013
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2012.10.103
The purpose of this paper is to explore the synthesis of inorganic materials using cellulose as matrix. Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O sheets have been successfully fabricated using cellulose as matrix by the microwave-assisted method from ZnCl2·3H2O and microcrystalline cellulose. The ZnO crystals were obtained by the thermal decomposition of the Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O at 600 °C for 3 h in air. The effect of the heating time on the samples was also researched. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC). This rapid microwave-assisted method with thermal post-treatment may be extended to the preparation of other kinds of metal oxides using natural polymer as a matrix.Highlights► Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O was prepared via microwave method using cellulose as matrix. ► Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O crystals had sheet-like shape. ► ZnO was formed on the thermal decomposition of the Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O. ► Microwave-assisted method with thermal post-treatment provides a new strategy.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Lian-Hua Fu, Run-Cang Sun, Ning Jia
Carbohydrate Polymers 2012 Volume 90(Issue 1) pp:309-315
Publication Date(Web):1 September 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.043
The purposes of this study were to explore the influences of different cellulose types on the cellulose/CaCO3 composites, which were synthesized via the microwave-assisted method by using alkali extraction cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the types of cellulose played an important role in the microstructure and morphologies of the cellulose/CaCO3 composites. The composites consisted of cellulose and pure phase CaCO3 (calcite). The sample synthesized using microcrystalline cellulose had better crystallinity than that of the sample using alkali extraction cellulose. The cellulose fibers and CaCO3 particles were observed using alkali extraction cellulose. However, using microcrystalline cellulose instead of alkali extraction cellulose, the cellulose with irregular shape and CaCO3 microspheres were obtained. Therefore, choosing appropriate cellulose types is very important for the formation of cellulose/CaCO3 composites. Furthermore, the Raman spectra of the cellulose/CaCO3 composites were also researched.Highlights► Cellulose/CaCO3 composites were fabricated by microwave-assisted method. ► Effect of alkali extraction cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose was researched. ► The types of cellulose had an effect on the microstructure and shape of composites. ► Raman spectra of cellulose/CaCO3 composites were investigated.
Co-reporter:Ning Jia, Shu-Ming Li, Ming-Guo Ma, Run-Cang Sun, Jie-Fang Zhu
Carbohydrate Polymers 2012 Volume 88(Issue 1) pp:179-184
Publication Date(Web):17 March 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.086
Bionanocomposites with the combination of natural polymers and inorganic nanoparticles may induce unique properties and exhibit promising functions for different applications. Herein, we report a hydrothermal route to the preparation of cellulose/CaCO3 bionanocomposites using the cellulose solution, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and Na2SiO3·9H2O. The cellulose solution was previously prepared by the dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose in NaOH–urea aqueous solution. The urea also acts as the CO32− source for the synthesis of CaCO3. The influences of several reaction parameters, such as the heating time, the heating temperature, and the types of additives on the products were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis. The experimental results demonstrated that the hydrothermal conditions had an effect on the morphology of the bionanocomposites. Cytotoxicity experiments indicated that the cellulose/CaCO3 bionanocomposites had good biocompatibility, so that the bionanocomposites could be ideal candidate for practical biomedical applications.Highlights► Cellulose/CaCO3 bionanocomposites have been prepared by hydrothermal method. ► The hydrothermal conditions had an effect on the shape of the bionanocomposites. ► The cellulose/CaCO3 bionanocomposites had good biocompatibility.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Lian-Hua Fu, Shu-Ming Li, Xue-Ming Zhang, Run-Cang Sun, Yong-Dong Dai
Carbohydrate Polymers 2012 Volume 88(Issue 4) pp:1470-1475
Publication Date(Web):16 May 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.043
The purpose of this study is to investigate the fabrication of wood powder/CaCO3 composites. In this study, we report a hydrothermal route for the preparation of wood powder/CaCO3 composites using the dewaxed wood powder. The wood powder was pretreated by the NaOH/urea solution. The urea acts as the CO32− source and provides a basic condition for the synthesis of CaCO3. The influences of several reaction parameters such as the heating time and the types of additives on the products were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis. The experimental results demonstrated that the additives not only had an effect on the phases of composites, but also on the microstructure and shape of composites. Moreover, the thermal stability of the samples was also investigated. Compared with cellulose-based composites, the wood powder composites can utilize all the main components of lignocelluloses.Highlights► Wood powder/CaCO3 composites have been prepared by hydrothermal method. ► The number of CaCO3 decreased with increasing heating time. ► The additives had an effect on the phases of composites. ► The additives had an effect on the microstructure and shape of composites.
Co-reporter:Ning Jia, Shu-Ming Li, Ming-Guo Ma, Run-Cang Sun
Materials Letters 2012 Volume 68() pp:44-46
Publication Date(Web):1 February 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2011.10.027
The purpose of this paper is to explore the synthesis of biomass-based composites by green method in green solution. Cellulose/F-substituted hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites have been successfully fabricated by the microwave-assisted ionic liquids (ILs) method. The effects of the heating time, the ionic liquids concentration, and the NaF concentration on the products were investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that F-substituted HA particles were embedded in the cellulose matrix or dispersed on the surface of cellulose matrix. The XRD results indicated that the cellulose/CaF nanocomposites were obtained at high NaF concentration. The ionic liquids concentration played an important role in the dispersion of particles. The number of F-substituted HA in nanocomposites increased with increasing heating time. This rapid and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted ionic liquids method is provided a promising way to prepare cellulose-based nanocomposites.Highlights► Cellulose/F-substituted HA nanocomposites were prepared by microwave ILs method. ► The addition of ILs had an effect on the size of the F-substituted HA. ► The addition of ILs had an effect on the thermal degradation temperature. ► The cellulose/CaF nanocomposites were obtained using high NaF concentration.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Jie-Fang Zhu, Shu-Ming Li, Ning Jia, Run-Cang Sun
Materials Science and Engineering: C 2012 Volume 32(Issue 6) pp:1511-1517
Publication Date(Web):1 August 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.msec.2012.04.033
Nanocomposites of cellulose/iron oxide have been successfully prepared by hydrothermal method using cellulose solution and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O at 180 °C. The cellulose solution was obtained by the dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution, which is a good system to dissolve cellulose and favors the synthesis of iron oxide without needing any template or other reagents. The phases, microstructure, and morphologies of nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS). The effects of the heating time, heating temperature, cellulose concentration, and ferric nitrate concentration on the morphological behavior of products were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the cellulose concentration played an important role in both the phase and shape of iron oxide in nanocomposites. Moreover, the nanocomposites synthesized by using different cellulose concentrations displayed different thermal stabilities.Highlights► Nanocomposites of cellulose/iron oxide have been prepared by hydrothermal method. ► The cellulose concentration played an important role in the phase of iron oxide. ► The cellulose concentration played an important role in the shape of iron oxide. ► The samples displayed different thermal stabilities.
Co-reporter:Shu-Ming Li, Ning Jia, Jie-Fang Zhu, Ming-Guo Ma, Feng Xu, Bo Wang, Run-Cang Sun
Carbohydrate Polymers 2011 Volume 83(Issue 2) pp:422-429
Publication Date(Web):10 January 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.003
A simple, rapid, and efficient microwave-assisted synthesis of cellulose–silver nanocomposites with silver nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in the cellulose matrix using cellulose solution, AgNO3 and ascorbic acid in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) is reported. The cellulose solution was prepared by the dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose in a solvent system of lithium chloride (LiCl)/DMAc. The effects of the microwave heating times and ascorbic acid concentration on the nanocomposites were investigated. The microstructure, size, morphology, and thermal properties of these nanocomposites were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that the ascorbic acid concentration played an important role in the phase of the nanocomposites. This work provided a promising way to prepare cellulose–silver nanocomposites with good dispersity.
Co-reporter:Shu-Ming Li, Ning Jia, Ming-Guo Ma, Zhe Zhang, Qing-Hong Liu, Run-Cang Sun
Carbohydrate Polymers 2011 Volume 86(Issue 2) pp:441-447
Publication Date(Web):15 August 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.060
A facile microwave-assisted method was developed to fabricate cellulose–silver nanocomposites by reducing silver nitrate in ethylene glycol (EG). EG acts as a solvent, a reducing reagent, and a microwave absorber in the whole system, thus no additional reductant is needed. The influences of the heating time and heating temperature on the products were investigated. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thermal stability of cellulose–silver nanocomposites in nitrogen and air was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC). Also, the cellulose–silver nanocomposites possess a high antimicrobial activity against the model microbes Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive). It is expected that the cellulose–silver nanocomposites are a promising material for the application in the biomedical field.Highlights► A facile microwave-assisted method was developed to fabricate cellulose–silver nanocomposites by reducing silver nitrate in ethylene glycol (EG). ► The microwave-assisted method is rapid, green and environmentally friendly, which opens a new window to the high value-added applications of cellulose. ► The cellulose–silver nanocomposites possess a high antimicrobial activity against the model microbes Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive).
Co-reporter:Ning Jia, Shu-Ming Li, Ming-Guo Ma, Run-Cang Sun, Lei Zhu
Carbohydrate Research 2011 Volume 346(Issue 18) pp:2970-2974
Publication Date(Web):27 December 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.carres.2011.10.006
Fabrication of biomass materials by a microwave-assisted method in ionic liquids allows the high value-added applications of biomass by combining three major green chemistry principles: using environmentally preferable solvents, using an environmentally friendly method, and making use of renewable biomass materials. Herein, we report a rapid and green microwave-assisted method for the synthesis of the cellulose/calcium silicate nanocomposites in ionic liquids and recycled ionic liquids. These calcium silicate nanoparticles or nanosheets as prepared were homogeneously dispersed in the cellulose matrix. The experimental results confirm that the ionic liquids can be used repeatedly. Of course, the slight differences were also observed using ionic liquids and recycled ionic liquids. Compared with other conventional methods, the rapid, green, and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted method in ionic liquids opens a new window to the high value-added applications of biomass.
Co-reporter:Ning Jia, Shu-Ming Li, Ming-Guo Ma, Run-Cang Sun
Materials Letters 2011 Volume 65(Issue 5) pp:918-921
Publication Date(Web):15 March 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2010.12.033
Preparation of cellulose-based nanocomposites by microwave-assisted ionic liquid method allows the high value-added applications of cellulose by combining three major green chemistry principles: using environmentally preferable solvents, environmentally friendly method and renewable biomaterials. In this paper, we report the microwave-assisted ionic liquid method for the fast controlled synthesis of the cellulose/calcium silicate nanocomposites by using the microcrystalline cellulose, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and Na2SiO3·9H2O in ethylene glycol. The calcium silicate nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed in the cellulose matrix. The experimental results showed that the additive of ionic liquid favored the composite of cellulose and calcium silicate. The weight loss of nanocomposites was decreased with the increasing ionic liquid concentrations. The influences of heating times, heating temperatures, and ionic liquid concentrations on the products were investigated. This method is fast, environmentally friendly and suitable for the large-scale production of cellulose-based nanocomposites.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Jie-Fang Zhu, Run-Cang Sun, Feng Chen, Ying-Jie Zhu
Materials Letters 2011 Volume 65(Issue 3) pp:424-426
Publication Date(Web):15 February 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2010.10.083
A novel tellurium/calcium silicate nanocomposite with tellurium nanorods homogeneously dispersed in the calcium silicate matrix has been successfully synthesized using corresponding tellurium nanorods, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, and Na2SiO3·9H2O in ethanol/water mixed solvents at room temperature for 48 h. The new material consists of a single crystalline Te core and an amorphous calcium silicate shell. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The method is simple and does not need any surfactant or template or base. Cytotoxicity experiments indicated that the tellurium/calcium silicate nanocomposites with a low concentration had good biocompatibility. This nanocomposite is a very promising candidate for the application as bioactive materials.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Shu-Ming Li, Ning Jia, Jie-Fang Zhu, Run-Cang Sun, Ying-Jie Zhu
Materials Letters 2011 Volume 65(19–20) pp:3069-3071
Publication Date(Web):October 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2011.06.103
The Ag/calcium silicate nanocomposite with core-shell nanostructure has been successfully synthesized using Ag solution, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and Na2SiO3·9H2O in ethanol/water mixed solvents at room temperature for 48 h. Ag solution was previously prepared by microwave-assisted method in ethylene glycol (EG) at 150 °C for 10 min. The nanocomposites consisted of Ag core and an amorphous calcium silicate shell. The XRD and EDS results confirmed that the product was the Ag/calcium silicate nanocomposite. The TEM micrographs indicated that the Ag/calcium silicate nanocomposite was core-shell nanoparticles. The effects of Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and Na2SiO3·9H2O concentration on the shells of Ag/calcium silicate nanocomposite were investigated. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS). This method is simple, fast and may be extended to the synthesis of the other kinds of core-shell nanocomposites.Highlights► The Ag/calcium silicate nanocomposite with core-shell nanostructure. ► The nanocomposites consisted of Ag core and an amorphous calcium silicate shell. ► Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and Na2SiO3·9H2O concentrations have little influence on the shells.
Co-reporter:Jing Hu, Ning Jia, Jin-Xue Jiang, Ming-Guo Ma, Jie-Fang Zhu, Run-Cang Sun, Jian-Zhang Li
Materials Letters 2011 Volume 65(Issue 11) pp:1531-1534
Publication Date(Web):15 June 2011
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2011.03.012
A simple hydrothermal route to the preparation of the boehmite-doped AgCl nanocubes using AgNO3, AlCl3·6H2O and NaOH at 200 °C for 24 h is reported. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), UV–vis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). FE-SEM and TEM micrographs showed that the obtained boehmite-doped AgCl had nanocube-like morphology. The influence of heating temperature on the phase, microstructure, morphology, and thermal stability of the products were also investigated. UV–visible results indicated that the absorption edge moved to higher wavelength with the increasing heating temperature. These materials would be a promising material for photocatalyst applications.
Co-reporter:Shu-Ming Li, Ning Jia, Jie-Fang Zhu, Ming-Guo Ma, Run-Cang Sun
Carbohydrate Polymers 2010 Volume 80(Issue 1) pp:270-275
Publication Date(Web):25 March 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.024
Cellulose–calcium silicate nanocomposites with calcium silicate nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in the cellulose matrix have been successfully synthesized using cellulose solution, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O and Na2SiO3·9H2O in ethanol/water mixed solvents at room temperature for 24 h. The cellulose solution was previously prepared by the dissolution of cellulose in a solvent system of N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)/lithium chloride (LiCl). The feeding order had an influence on the morphology of the cellulose–calcium silicate nanocomposites and the size of the calcium silicate particles. The cellulose in nanocomposites showed cellulose type II crystalline structure. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Co-reporter:Ning Jia, Shu-Ming Li, Jie-Fang Zhu, Ming-Guo Ma, Feng Xu, Bo Wang, Run-Cang Sun
Materials Letters 2010 Volume 64(Issue 20) pp:2223-2225
Publication Date(Web):31 October 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2010.07.029
We report the microwave-assisted synthesis of the cellulose-carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) nanocomposites with CHA nanostructures dispersed in the cellulose matrix by using the cellulose solution, CaCl2, and NaH2PO4. The cellulose solution was previously prepared by the dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose in NaOH–urea aqueous solution. The influences of the heating time and cellulose concentration on the products were also investigated. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) results indicated that the obtained products were the cellulose–CHA nanocomposites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed the CHA nanostructures were dispersed in the cellulose matrix. The thermal stability of the cellulose–CHA nanocomposites in air was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). This method is simple, fast, low-cost and suitable for large-scale production of cellulose-based nanocomposites.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Jie-Fang Zhu, Run-Cang Sun, Ying-Jie Zhu
Materials Letters 2010 Volume 64(Issue 13) pp:1524-1527
Publication Date(Web):15 July 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2010.04.010
Hierarchical Bi2O3 spheres assembled from nanosheets with nanopore structure have been successfully synthesized by thermal decomposition of the precursor at 400 °C for 3 h in air, which was prepared using Bi(NO3)3·5H2O and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) by a microwave-assisted heating method in ethylene glycol (EG) at 150 °C for 10 min. The morphology of Bi2O3 is similar to that of the precursor. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC). XRD pattern showed that the product had a high degree of crystallinity. FE-SEM micrograph indicated that hierarchical Bi2O3 spheres had sizes around 10 μm.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Jie-Fang Zhu, Ning Jia, Shu-Ming Li, Run-Cang Sun, Shao-Wen Cao, Feng Chen
Carbohydrate Research 2010 Volume 345(Issue 8) pp:1046-1050
Publication Date(Web):27 May 2010
DOI:10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.004
Preparation of nanocomposites was carried out using microcrystalline cellulose, CaCl2, and NaH2PO4 in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent by a microwave-assisted method at 150 °C. XRD results showed that the nanocomposites consisted of cellulose and hydroxyapatite (HA). The cellulose existed as a matrix in the nanocomposites. SEM and TEM analysis showed that HA nanorods were homogeneously dispersed in the cellulose matrix. The effects of the microwave heating time on the products were investigated. This method has advantages of being simple, rapid, low-cost, and environmentally friendly.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma;Jie-Fang Zhu
European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2009 Volume 2009( Issue 36) pp:5522-5526
Publication Date(Web):
DOI:10.1002/ejic.200900839
Abstract
Hierarchically nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HA) hollow spheres assembled from nanorods have been successfully synthesized using CaCl2, NaH2PO4, and potassium sodium tartrate via a solvothermal method at 200 °C for 24 h in water/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) mixed solvents. The ratio of water to DMF plays a key role in the formation of hierarchically nanostructured HA hollow spheres. The potassium sodium tartrate was used as a chelating ligand and a template molecule in the synthesis and self-assembly of HA nanorods. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. FESEM and TEM images indicated that hollow spheres of about 3.6 μm in diameter were built by HA nanorods. On the basis of experimental results, a possible formation mechanism of these hierarchically nanostructured HA hollow spheres in the growth processes was proposed. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Jie-Fang Zhu, Run-Cang Sun, Ying-Jie Zhu
Materials Letters 2009 Volume 63(Issue 28) pp:2513-2515
Publication Date(Web):30 November 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2009.08.053
The CePO4/C nanocomposite with core-shell nanostructure has been successfully synthesized using glucose and CePO4 by a facile and simple hydrothermal method at 160 °C for 24 h. The new material consists of a monoclinic CePO4 core and an amorphous-C shell. The TEM micrograph indicated that the CePO4/C nanocomposite was core-shell nanorods. The effects of glucose concentration on the C shells and luminescent intensity of CePO4/C nanocomposite were investigated. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence (PL). This method is simple, low-cost and does not need any surfactant.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Jie-Fang Zhu, Jian-Xin Jiang, Run-Cang Sun
Materials Letters 2009 Volume 63(Issue 21) pp:1791-1793
Publication Date(Web):31 August 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2009.05.037
The β-Ni(OH)2 with flower-like morphology assembled from nanosheets has been successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal–polyol method from Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O in mixed solvents of 1,4-butanediol and water at 200 °C for 24 h. The NiO with similar morphology was obtained by a simple thermal decomposition of the precursor (β-Ni(OH)2) at 400 °C for 3 h in air. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC). We expect that this hydrothermal–polyol method may be extended to the preparation of nanostructures of other kinds of metal oxides.
Co-reporter:Ming-Guo Ma, Jie-Fang Zhu
Materials Letters 2009 Volume 63(Issue 11) pp:881-883
Publication Date(Web):30 April 2009
DOI:10.1016/j.matlet.2009.01.022
Boehmite with bundle-like morphology assembled from nanofibres has been successfully synthesized by solvothermal method from AlCl3·6H2O in ethylene glycol (EG) at 200 °C for 10 h. Using 1,4-Butanediol instead of EG, the Al11(OH)30Cl3 with flower-like morphology assembled from nanosheets was obtained at 200 °C for 6 h. The γ-alumina with similar morphology was obtained by thermal decomposition of the boehmite or Al11(OH)30Cl3 at 500 °C for 3 h in air. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The method is simple and does not need any surfactant or template or base.
Co-reporter:Ling-Yan Meng, Bin Wang, Ming-Guo Ma, Kai-Li Lin
Materials Today Chemistry (October–December 2016) Volumes 1–2() pp:63-83
Publication Date(Web):1 October 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.mtchem.2016.11.003
•The progress of microwave-assisted hydrothermal (MH) method in the synthesis of functional nanomaterials is summarized.•The MH method possesses and combines the merits of microwave and hydrothermal methods.•The nanomaterials synthetized by MH method might possess special properties and applications comparing with other methods.Developing simple, rapid, and environmentally friendly synthetic methodologies for the preparation of functional nanomaterials is of great importance for broadening and improving their potential applications. In comparison with other methods, the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method possesses and combines the merits of microwave and hydrothermal methods, which can achieve the high temperature and high pressure for a short time from several minutes to several hours in a closed reaction system. In this review, the synthesis of various types of functional nanomaterials such as metals oxides, metal composite oxides, inorganic biomaterials (hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate), and metal sulfides via the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method is summarized. The special properties and applications of functional nanomaterials by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method are compared with others methods. The future developments of this promising method are put forward.
Co-reporter:Fu Deng, Yan-Yan Dong, Shan Liu, Bo Wang, Ming-Guo Ma, Xuan Du
Industrial Crops and Products (July 2016) Volume 85() pp:258-265
Publication Date(Web):1 July 2016
DOI:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.018
•Cellulose/SrF2 nanocomposites were obtained by microwave-assisted method.•The effect of the different cellulose content was investigated.•This method was extended to synthesize other cellulose/alkaline earth metal fluorides.•Alkaline earth metal fluorides have an effect on the tensile strength of paper.The purpose of this article was to investigate the effect of the cellulose content on the synthesis of cellulose/SrF2 nanocomposites, which were successfully synthesized by the microwave-assisted method at 100 °C for 20 min. These nanocomposites were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG). In addition to this, this synthetic route was also extended to fabricate the other cellulose/alkaline earth metal fluorides (MF2, M = Ca, Mg, Ba) nanocomposites. What’s more, the influence of cellulose/alkaline earth metal fluorides (MF2, M = Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba) nanocomposites on the tensile properties of paper were also explored. The cellulose content is found to have a certain influence on the morphology, crystal lattice, crystallinity and thermostability of alkaline earth metal fluorides. The different types of alkaline earth metal fluorides have an effect on the tensile strength of paper.The purpose of this article was to investigate the effect of the different cellulose content on the synthesis of cellulose/SrF2 nanocomposites, which were successfully synthesized by the microwave-assisted method at 100 °C for 20 min using different cellulose concentrations. In addition to this, this method was also extended to synthesize the other cellulose/alkaline earth metal fluorides (MF2, M = Ca, Mg, Ba) nanocomposites. What’s more, the influence of cellulose/alkaline earth metal fluorides (MF2, M = Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba) nanocomposites on the tensile properties of paper were also explored.Download full-size image
Co-reporter:Shu-Ming Li, Lian-Hua Fu, Ming-Guo Ma, Jie-Fang Zhu, Run-Cang Sun, Feng Xu
Biomass and Bioenergy (December 2012) Volume 47() pp:
Publication Date(Web):1 December 2012
DOI:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.10.012
By means of a simultaneous microwave-assisted method and a simple chemical reaction, cellulose/AgCl nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized using cellulose solution and AgNO3 in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent. The cellulose solution was firstly prepared by the dissolution of the microcrystalline cellulose and lithium chloride (LiCl) in DMAc. DMAc acts as both a solvent and a microwave absorber. LiCl was used as the reactant to fabricate AgCl crystals. The effects of the heating time and heating temperature on the products were studied. This method is based on the simultaneous formation of AgCl nanoparticles and precipitation of the cellulose, leading to a homogeneous distribution of AgCl nanoparticles in the cellulose matrix. The experimental results confirmed the formation of cellulose/AgCl nanocomposites with high-purity, good thermal stability and antimicrobial activity. This rapid, green and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted method opens a new window to the high value-added applications of biomass.Highlights► Cellulose/AgCl nanocomposites have been synthesized by microwave method. ► Effect of heating temperature on the nanocomposites was researched. ► Thermal stability of the nanocomposites was investigated. ► Cellulose/AgCl nanocomposites had good antimicrobial activity. ► This method is based on the simultaneous formation of AgCl and cellulose.
Co-reporter:Yan-Jun Liu, Lian-Hua Fu, Shan Liu, Ling-Yan Meng, Ya-Yu Li and Ming-Guo Ma
Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2016 - vol. 4(Issue 28) pp:NaN4854-4854
Publication Date(Web):2016/06/20
DOI:10.1039/C6TB01249C
Development of hydrogels with high mechanical and recoverable properties under physiological conditions is of great importance for broadening and improving their potential applications in load-bearing artificial soft tissues. Inspired by the self-assembly of chemical entities, homogeneous network hydrogels, which contain over 90 wt% water, were synthesized via covalent cross-linking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) triggered by microwave-assisted treatment. A structurally homogeneous network results in an evenly distributed stress that endures high strains with minimal energy dissipation, which enable the hydrogels to withstand up to 1.16 MPa of tensile stress, over seven-fold stretch length with negligible hysteresis, and sustain cyclic compression following high amplitude deformation. It is of importance for tissue replacement that the hydrogels retain these excellent properties under physiological conditions.
![1-[4-(3-METHYL-BUTOXY)-PHENYL]-ETHANONE](http://img.cochemist.com/ccimg/30300/30237-26-4.png)
![1-[4-(3-METHYL-BUTOXY)-PHENYL]-ETHANONE](http://img.cochemist.com/ccimg/30300/30237-26-4_b.png)
